The AUC conference: an academic approach to the current Egyptian state of affairs
The American University Cairo conference was a great opportunity to learn of a more
academic approach to the challenges facing Egypt now. The sessions covered different
essential aspects of the Egyptian Revolution, from youth movements and social media to the
role of elections in the region, including the even more important issue of how to restructure
the security apparatus. As I walked in on the session on social media Hossam el-Hamalawy,
Egyptian journalist, prominent activist and blogger, tackled the different labels that the
Egyptian Revolution has been tagged with. As he eloquently put it, the idea that facebook
activists were behind the event called Revolution is ludicrous and falls short of reflecting the
reality of the Egyptian uprising. Media aided the cause by providing a helpful platform and
adopting a more proactive role than the traditional so-called impartial approach. As he pointed
out, activists and protesters used Al Jazeera and BBC Arabic to communicate between each
other, as the internet had been blocked at the time.
Marc Lynch, academic at George Washington University, discussed the innovation in the
spread and consumption of information in the region. As a politically neutral tool, technology
can also be used by the very repressive states the revolutions aim to overthrow. In Tunisia
and Egypt the state did not know how to deal with the use of technologies, but as proof that
the states can use it as effectively as the activists, the cases of Syria and Bahrain stand out.
If the use of social media allowed the reality of the Egyptian revolution to reach a wider
international audience, the question of its over-representation of certain sectors of society
remains unanswered. As he warned, if the US only listens to these people, this will lead them
to a serious misjudgement of the situation. The apolitical character of the revolution was
obvious as the revolution in Tahrir did not have anyone in control, as Hossam pointed out.
In order to ease communication with media outlets coalitions were formed. This made the
conversations with the media possible. Interestingly, the military junta also has facebook
presence. Still, it is obvious that they are not interested in changing public opinion or people’s
demands via social media campaigns. In fact they are fully aware they will have to use force,
as the junta’s recent attempts to control demonstrations and expressions of discontent show.
In the session dealing with the future of political parties, Samer Soliman from the American
University in Cairo exposed the challenges that newly formed parties are facing at the
moment: lack of social depth, lack of institutions and the current legislative framework. The
lack of trust in parties needs to be overturn if the younger individuals involved in the uprising
want to reach parliament, according to him. The cohesiveness of political parties depend on
the ability of members to highlight similarities over differences, as confidence needs to be
regained in the capability of parties to be representative. As Soliman pointed out religion
has traditionally been the cohesive social force. Similarly difficult are the challenges that
the Muslim Brotherhood faces at the moment. These relate to their ability to move beyond
the context they have been operating on so far. As it was discussed in this session, the older
generations of the Brotherhood have had to deal with a censorship that younger generations
have skipped. This translates into the different positions and faces the Brotherhood has
adopted. As a transitional period, the reality is that both parties and organizations like the
Muslim Brotherhood ought to mature to raise to the challenge.
The issue of the elections and the role of clientelism in relation to them was also much talked
about at the AUC conference. Mazem Hassam from Cairo University offered the results
of his research on different electoral systems and their importance in shaping the political
landscape of a country. It is normally taken for granted that systems are representative of
electoral processes. The issue is that politicians tend to choose a system that benefits them.
According to his analysis, the Egyptian process will be characterized initially by volatility and
most probably it will follow a similar path to Eastern Europe democratic transition processes.
Antonio Spinelli, an expert on electoral processes shared a comprehensive account of the
difficulties in finding a real democratic representative process as in fact, what works well
today does not work well tomorrow, hence processes change constantly and vary depending
on the country. By meeting the goals of transparency and accountability, the democratization
processes taking place after the Arab uprisings will ensure the change is essential and
durable and elections are credible. Credible elections require a credible legal framework,
therefore regulations ought to be enhanced and strengthened. If the elections lack credibility
accordingly to Spinelli we can expect more instability in the region. The Egyptian social
groups and individuals need to work together to overcome all of these issues.
Further into the subject of transitions and specifically about the state security apparatus,
Charles Powell from the Foundation for Spanish Transition provided a fascinating
comparative analysis of the cases in Spain and Egypt. The transition and consolidation
phases that a country like Spain endured are processes full of setbacks. But these setbacks
might have unexpected positive consequences, as in the attempted coup in 1981 reinforced
the democratic will of the nation, according to Powell. Based on the case of Spain, he went
through a series of tasks that the civilian leadership would have to tackle in order to promote
and preserve a new democracy: constitutional redefinition of the role of the armed forces,
creation of a unified defense ministry, removal of armed forces from law-enforcing tasks,
redefinition of the role of military intelligence, reform of military justice, removal of all
military activity from economic interests (this particular point raised a few laughs from the
audience, showing that trust in the Egyptian military force is far from strong) and reform of
the military education system and professionalization of the army.
Hossam Bahgat, from the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights gave a great insight into the
current role of the Egyptian security apparatus. Set up in 2002, this civil society initiative has
struggled to expose the violations and shed light of abuses committed to shame the government, their ultimate goal being the mobilization of political pressure towards self-reform. The endemic corruption of the Egyptian security apparatus and the green light given by Mubarak´s government in the name of anti-terrorism has shaped the abuses carried out, abuses fostered officially by the infamous emergency law, the culture within the apparatus, neighbouring abuses, agglomeration of power (no appointment in Egypt was carried out without security intervention), licenses and permits, and surveillance. According to his account, the military rulers are far from different to this bleak picture of Mubarak´s security state: ten thousand civilians have been deferred to military courts in the last months. Bahgat advises a complete overhaul of the legal framework is essential, specifically there are at least fifteen
different laws that need to be revisited. The competences of the interior ministry need to be brought down to mere law and order. Egypt needs judicial observation of detentions and a strong involvement of civil society. Linking with the theory exposed by Powell in regards to Spain, security sector reform is the key on how to understand and move on and deal with the past.
Bruce Rutherford from Colgate University went further on the role of the judiciary in the state
security reform. He stated that the judiciary seemed to be the institution less penetrated by the security apparatus. Mubarak´s regime had created a parallel legal institution to that of the judiciary, the main responsible agent in the abuses of the dictatorship. The less negative outcome of this situation is the relative independence of the judiciary itself, which according to him more or less escaped the sphere of influence of corruption and unaccountability. As the volume of cases has increased dramatically since the revolution started, the strengthening of the rule of law and support to a judiciary that is currently struggling is the key.
A current debate tackles the ongoing high profile prosecutions. According to Bahgat they lack
coherence and strategy. The trials have been rushed for the most serious crimes, for example
Mubarak’s trial for the slaughter of protesters when it is not known exactly how many were killed. The full extent of Mubarak’s abuses is unknown. The Egyptians deserve to know what the system was really like and who else was involved.
The role of creative art within the revolutionary process
The AUC conference on the challenges that face the current Egyptian revolution proved
to be a great opportunity to be exposed to a deeper understanding of Mubarak’s regime, of
the corrupted system and disregard for anything similar to accountability, of the nature of
the different forces behind the revolution and of the different possible scenarios Egypt will
be facing in the near future. Still, merging this experience with the opinions exposed in the
socialist conference provided a useful representation of the current complex social and political
landscape in Egypt. The Revolution is far from over and that is obvious. In fact, I overheard
on a couple of occasions the need of a revolution of the revolution. An important part of this
scene is the role of creative arts as new means to speak political change. Artists such as
Ganzeer have been working on what he called “taking Tahrir out of Tahrir and into the
neighbourhoods”, opinion shared by others such as Hossam el-Hamalawy, who called
for a “Tahrir inside universities and factories”, following the intense campaign by the
military to discredit the current strikes gripping the Egyptian workforce. The struggle
continues and takes on different shapes, possibly more difficult to read than a media-
friendly revolutionary Tahrir Square. This could be a sign that the changes are taking
place as we speak, as further demonstrations were met with police force on the 8th of
June as Hossam el-Hamalawy reports.
The different projects to avoid collective forgetting of the important reasons behind
what drove the Egyptians to Tahrir in the first place are visible on the walls of
Downtown Cairo, Zamalek and other neighbourhoods of the city. Two of the most
poignant have been the Martyrs Mural Project and the recent stencil action on the walls
of the Ministry of Interior to coincide with a protest against continued police torture,
marking the anniversary of Khaled Said’s murder in Alexandria at the hands of the
police. The Egyptian youths generally technologically savvy are taking advantage
of the available means to continue to spread the messages. The latest is a creation of
an interactive map that enables to identify the spots where revolutionary graffiti has
been created, enabling artists and public to locate and further create more works. Also
an initiative to archive and translate all documents related and produced about the
Revolution provide a useful gateway to all the literature produced so far. All of these
efforts signify a collective will not only not to forget the recent events, but also to allow
the city to talk through its walls what for years has not been able to say out-loud: the
times of passive witnessing of the dictatorial regime are over and the Egyptians will
face the difficult tasks ahead with the courage that took them to the streets in the first
place.
As an outsider I was made to feel welcomed, an aspect of Egypt that has not changed.
Still, and as I was reminded by one of the organizers of previous Cairo Conferences,
what Egypt needs now is not another international conference. The old conferences
functioned as means of pressuring the ousted Mubarak’s regime. Now the efforts
are by the Egyptians and for the Egyptians, and the organization and management of
these efforts against the counter-revolutionary attempts by the military junta take up
most of the time of the activists I met. As I walked out of the Commerce Syndicate
in Ramses street, the anti-riot police were in formation, about to charge a crowd of
people demonstrating in Ramses square. The day before, a microbus driver had died
in Azbakeya Police Station custody. As I walked the streets of Downtown Cairo the
tension was obvious. This is perhaps the new normality the Egyptian society faces
now, until the changes they long for and deserve materialize in long term stability, job
security, accountability and real democracy. The process has only just begun.